Thomas Hardy và chủ nghĩa tự nhiên trong văn học
Thomas Hardy, a prominent figure in Victorian literature, is renowned for his exploration of the complexities of human existence within the backdrop of a deterministic universe. His works, often characterized by a somber tone and a sense of tragic inevitability, reflect the influence of naturalism, a literary movement that emerged in the late 19th century. This essay delves into the intricate relationship between Hardy's writing and the principles of naturalism, examining how his novels embody the core tenets of this literary philosophy.
Hardy's novels are deeply rooted in the belief that human lives are shaped by forces beyond their control, such as heredity, environment, and social circumstances. This deterministic view of human existence is a defining characteristic of naturalism, which emphasizes the influence of external factors on individual lives. Hardy's characters are often depicted as victims of fate, their destinies predetermined by forces beyond their comprehension. In "Tess of the d'Urbervilles," for instance, Tess's tragic fate is shaped by her impoverished background, her vulnerability to societal pressures, and the cruel twist of fate that leads to her downfall.
The Impact of Environment on Human Lives
Hardy's novels often depict the harsh realities of rural life in Victorian England, highlighting the impact of the natural world on human lives. The unforgiving landscape, characterized by desolate moors, stormy seas, and unforgiving weather, serves as a constant reminder of the power of nature and its ability to shape human destiny. In "Far from the Madding Crowd," the protagonist, Bathsheba Everdene, is confronted with the challenges of managing a farm in a harsh and unpredictable environment. The relentless storms, droughts, and other natural phenomena serve as a metaphor for the unpredictable nature of life and the forces that can disrupt even the most carefully laid plans.
The Role of Heredity and Social Circumstances
Hardy's characters are often burdened by their past, their lives shaped by the legacy of their ancestors and the social circumstances into which they were born. In "Jude the Obscure," Jude Fawley's aspirations for education and a better life are thwarted by his humble origins and the societal constraints that prevent him from achieving his goals. Hardy's exploration of heredity and social circumstances reflects the naturalist belief that individuals are products of their environment and their genetic inheritance.
The Struggle for Survival and the Inevitability of Tragedy
Hardy's novels are often characterized by a sense of struggle and the inevitability of tragedy. His characters are depicted as caught in a relentless cycle of hardship, their efforts to overcome adversity often met with failure. This emphasis on the struggle for survival and the inevitability of tragedy is a hallmark of naturalism, which portrays life as a brutal and unforgiving struggle against overwhelming forces. In "The Mayor of Casterbridge," Michael Henchard's life is marked by a series of misfortunes, his attempts to rebuild his life after a tragic mistake ultimately leading to his downfall.
Conclusion
Thomas Hardy's novels are a testament to the enduring influence of naturalism on Victorian literature. His exploration of the complexities of human existence within a deterministic universe, his emphasis on the impact of environment, heredity, and social circumstances, and his portrayal of the struggle for survival and the inevitability of tragedy, all reflect the core tenets of this literary philosophy. Hardy's works continue to resonate with readers today, offering a powerful and enduring exploration of the human condition and the forces that shape our lives.