There are present participles (V-ing) and past participles (V-ed or a form of irregular verbs). 1 Functions of Participles: In a sentence, the participle is used as an adjective that precedes or follows a noun to modify it, or used as a complement to modify or object. }(l) Used as an adjective preceding the noun to modify it & Artificial Intelligence has a promising future. Used as an adjective following the noun to modify it & The CEO hasn't approved the document revised yesterday. Subject complement & Companies were fascinated by all the new technology in the exhibition, Object complement & The new employees found the training courses challenging. 2 Participles as Adjectives: Below are some common noun phrases that contain a participle used as an adjective. The present participle expresses an active meaning, whereas the past participle indicates a completed action or a passive meaning. Present participle + noun & Past participle + noun }(l) challenging task rewarding experience demanding guest outstanding performance outstanding debts leading company overwhelming desire existing machine remaining seat fast-growing industry & detailed plan limited time reserved seat scheduled meeting revised report attached file experienced employee finished product expected result reduced cost - Mr. Kim has outstanding debts of over 900 . arrow outstood debts [mathrm(x)] 3 Participial Adjectives Expressing Emotions: Participles are also called participial adjectives. Present participial adjectives ( mathrm(V)+ -ing) are used to describe the people or things that cause a certain feeling to somebody, while past participial adjectives (mathrm(V)+ -ed ) are used to say how pe feel.