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1 Present Participles and Past Participles There are present participles ( V -ing) and past participles ( V -ed or a form of irregular verbs). 1 Functions of Participles: In a sentence, the participle is used as an adjective that precedes or follows a noun to modify it, or used as a complement to modify the subject or object. }(l) Used as an adjective preceding the noun to modify it & Artificial Intelligence has a promising future. Used as an adjective following the noun to modify it & The CEO hasn't approved the document revised yesterday. Subject complement & Companies were fascinated by all the new technology in the exhibition. Object complement & The new employees found the training courses challenging. 2 Participles as Adjectives: Below are some common noun phrases that contain a participle used as an adjective. The present participle expresses an active meaning, whereas the past participle indicates a completed action or a passive meaning. Present participle + noun & Past participle + noun }(l) challenging task rewarding experience demanding guest outstanding performance outstanding debts leading company overwhelming desire existing machine remaining seat fast-growing industry & detailed plan limited time reserved seat scheduled meeting revised report attached file experienced employee finished product expected result reduced cost 3 Participial Adjectives Expressing Emotions: Participles are also called participial adjectives. Present participial adjectives (V+ -ing) are used to describe the people or things that cause a certain feeling to somebody, while past participial adjectives (mathrm(V)+ -ed ) are used to say how people feel.

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1
Present Participles and Past Participles
There are present participles ( V -ing) and past participles ( V -ed or a form of irregular verbs).
1 Functions of Participles: In a sentence, the participle is used as an adjective that precedes or follows a noun to modify it, or used as a complement to modify the subject or object.

 }(l)
Used as an adjective 
preceding the noun to 
modify it
 & Artificial Intelligence has a promising future. 
 
Used as an adjective 
following the noun to 
modify it
 & The CEO hasn't approved the document revised yesterday. 
 Subject complement & Companies were fascinated by all the new technology in the exhibition. 
 Object complement & The new employees found the training courses challenging. 


2 Participles as Adjectives: Below are some common noun phrases that contain a participle used as an adjective. The present participle expresses an active meaning, whereas the past participle indicates a completed action or a passive meaning.

 Present participle + noun & Past participle + noun 
 }(l)
challenging task 
rewarding experience 
demanding guest 
outstanding performance 
outstanding debts 
leading company 
overwhelming desire 
existing machine 
remaining seat 
fast-growing industry
 & 
detailed plan 
limited time 
reserved seat 
scheduled meeting 
revised report 
attached file 
experienced employee 
finished product 
expected result 
reduced cost
 


3 Participial Adjectives Expressing Emotions: Participles are also called participial adjectives. Present participial adjectives (V+ -ing) are used to describe the people or things that cause a certain feeling to somebody, while past participial adjectives (mathrm(V)+ -ed ) are used to say how people feel.
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1 Present Participles and Past Participles There are present participles ( V -ing) and past participles ( V -ed or a form of irregular verbs). 1 Functions of Participles: In a sentence, the participle is used as an adjective that precedes or follows a noun to modify it, or used as a complement to modify the subject or object. }(l) Used as an adjective preceding the noun to modify it & Artificial Intelligence has a promising future. Used as an adjective following the noun to modify it & The CEO hasn't approved the document revised yesterday. Subject complement & Companies were fascinated by all the new technology in the exhibition. Object complement & The new employees found the training courses challenging. 2 Participles as Adjectives: Below are some common noun phrases that contain a participle used as an adjective. The present participle expresses an active meaning, whereas the past participle indicates a completed action or a passive meaning. Present participle + noun & Past participle + noun }(l) challenging task rewarding experience demanding guest outstanding performance outstanding debts leading company overwhelming desire existing machine remaining seat fast-growing industry & detailed plan limited time reserved seat scheduled meeting revised report attached file experienced employee finished product expected result reduced cost 3 Participial Adjectives Expressing Emotions: Participles are also called participial adjectives. Present participial adjectives (V+ -ing) are used to describe the people or things that cause a certain feeling to somebody, while past participial adjectives (mathrm(V)+ -ed ) are used to say how people feel.

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### 1. The sentence "Artificial Intelligence has a promising future." illustrates the use of a present participle as an adjective preceding a noun.<br />### 2. Mr. Kim has outstanding debts of over $900$; the phrase "outstanding debts" correctly uses the present participle "outstanding" to describe the debts.

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## Step 1: Understanding the Functions of Participles<br />### Participles can function as adjectives in sentences. They can precede or follow a noun to modify it, or they can be used as complements to modify the subject or object. For example, in the sentence "Artificial Intelligence has a promising future," the present participle "promising" is used as an adjective preceding the noun "future."<br /><br />## Step 2: Differentiating Present and Past Participles<br />### Present participles (ending in -ing) express an active meaning, indicating that the noun they modify is performing an action. In contrast, past participles (usually ending in -ed or in an irregular form) indicate a completed action or a passive meaning, suggesting that the noun is receiving an action. For instance, "Mr. Kim has outstanding debts of over $900" uses the present participle "outstanding" to describe debts that are actively owed.<br /><br />## Step 3: Participial Adjectives Expressing Emotions<br />### Participial adjectives can also express emotions. Present participial adjectives (V+-ing) describe people or things that cause a certain feeling, while past participial adjectives (V+-ed) describe how people feel. This distinction helps clarify whether the participle is describing the source of an emotion or the experience of it.