4 To combat predation by Arizona myotis and other insectivorous bats, many moth species anctuding Cycina tenera,emit ultrasonic pulses that, in some cases, disrupt the echolocation bats rely on for foraging.Some scientists have hypothesized(that this capability evolved because it imposes a lower metabolic cost than does the alternative mechanism of producing chemicals that render moths noxious to bats . Nicholas T.JHomziak et al. investigated the acoustic ,teproperties of moths ultrasonic responses to audio of bat echolocation and then assessed the palatability.of the ultrasound- producing moths. They found that several moth genera that emit ultrasonic palses capable of disrupting bat echolocation are unpalatable to bats , suggesting that __ Which choice most logically completes the text? A. most genera'of moths that produce ultrasound capable of disrupting bat echolocation do so primarily for purposes other than evading capture by Arizona myotis and other predators. B. the hypothesis about the,development of this ultrasonic defense likely does not account for'all instances of the trait in moths. C. although previous findings about Cycina tenera are consistent with the hypothesis about the low metabolic cost of producing noxious chemicals, the ability to disrupt bat echolocation and unpalatability are not mutually exclusive traits. D. further investigations into moths' ability to protect themselves by disrupting bat echolocation will likely find that moth genera relying on this mechanism are also generally

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4 To combat predation by Arizona myotis and other insectivorous bats, many moth species anctuding Cycina tenera,emit ultrasonic pulses that, in some cases, disrupt the echolocation bats rely on for foraging.Some scientists have hypothesized(that this capability evolved because it imposes a lower metabolic cost than does the alternative mechanism of producing chemicals that render moths noxious to bats . Nicholas T.JHomziak et al. investigated the acoustic ,teproperties of moths ultrasonic responses to audio of bat echolocation and then assessed the palatability.of the ultrasound- producing moths. They found that several moth genera that emit ultrasonic palses capable of disrupting bat echolocation are unpalatable to bats , suggesting that __ Which choice most logically completes the text? A. most genera'of moths that produce ultrasound capable of disrupting bat echolocation do so primarily for purposes other than evading capture by Arizona myotis and other predators. B. the hypothesis about the,development of this ultrasonic defense likely does not account for'all instances of the trait in moths. C. although previous findings about Cycina tenera are consistent with the hypothesis about the low metabolic cost of producing noxious chemicals, the ability to disrupt bat echolocation and unpalatability are not mutually exclusive traits. D. further investigations into moths' ability to protect themselves by disrupting bat echolocation will likely find that moth genera relying on this mechanism are also generally

Answer 1

The answer is **C. although previous findings about Cycina tenera are consistent with the hypothesis about the low metabolic cost of producing noxious chemicals, the ability to disrupt bat echolocation and unpalatability are not mutually exclusive traits.**Here's why:* **The passage focuses on the relationship between ultrasonic pulses and unpalatability in moths.** The study found that moths emitting ultrasonic pulses were unpalatable to bats.* **Option C directly addresses this relationship.** It acknowledges that the hypothesis about low metabolic cost might be true for some moths, but it also suggests that the ability to disrupt echolocation and unpalatability can coexist. This aligns with the study's findings.Let's look at why the other options are incorrect:* **Option A contradicts the study's findings.** The study found a correlation between ultrasonic pulses and unpalatability, suggesting that the primary purpose of these pulses is indeed to evade bats.* **Option B is too broad.** While the hypothesis might not explain all instances of the trait, the study specifically focuses on the relationship between ultrasonic pulses and unpalatability, not the overall evolution of the trait.* **Option D is speculative.** The passage doesn't provide evidence to support the claim that moth genera relying on echolocation disruption are also generally [unspecified trait].**Therefore, option C is the most logical completion of the text, as it directly addresses the study's findings and the relationship between ultrasonic pulses and unpalatability in moths.**

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